Postmortem Interval-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Can you Identify an imperfection in the Presentation of this answer? Clarify your answer.2.Knowledge of what components may lead the Forensic Pathologist to alter her expressed posthumous Interval and how (for example increment or decline) would the expressed after death stretch be adjusted? Answers: Presentation One of the most crucial bits of proof for a situation that includes an expired body distinguishing proof is to answer what is by all accounts an immediate inquiry - when did the perished kick the bucket? An analyst, increasingly adored by the sentimental wrongdoing type is most likely to take a gander at the wristwatch of the expired and proclaim the hour of death to that appeared on now broke and mutilated face. The most dependable, solid and substantial reaction to this appeared to be straight-forward inquiry is presumably to be acquired from fair or fair-minded observer to the occasion. 1.A blemish in the introduction In distinguishing the blemish, the primary center is to recognize to what extent the expired has been lying since death. The pathologist wasn't right by giving precise time (twelve hours-twenty minutes) than the suggested practice of giving a scope of times inside which the passing is probably going to have occurred. For this situation, the pathologist errored by explicitly expressing that the body had been dead for twelve hours and twenty minutes. The more drawn out the after death span, the more extensive the range will be. Such a precise gauge, tragically, is just permitted to originate from the least experienced clinical observer who will in general offer the most careful gauge. To be sure, another defect in the introduction is that the pathologist gave a small amount of 60 minutes (1hr, 20 minutes) as opposed to the suggested practice of giving an entire hour. In this manner such an introduction pulls in an extensive doubt from the word go. 2.Factors prompting measurable pathologist changing PMI Algor Mortis is the second period of deterioration which means briskness (algor) of death (mortis). It is once in a while named demise chill and set apart by a steady drop in temperature of the body. It proceeds till the body hits encompassing temperature, coordinates the environmental factors temperature. It typically results in 1 hour following passing. Numerous variables have considerable effect on this phase of decay. Right time of death assurance through internal heat level can be testing a result of change or strength of surrounding temperature, warm conductivity of surface the cadaver is spot and temperature level an exceptionally factor timeframe whereby the body doesnt cool. The cooling rate could flooded where the perished is malnourished or slight or if the body is presented to low temperatures as well as breezy condition. On the other hand, where the expired was having a temperature (febrile), impaired, stout, or left in a warm domain, cooling rate will diminish. Attire l ikewise assume a key job in heightening or easing back down Algor Mortis. The expired will cool quicker if colossal measures of skin are uncovered or if wearing wet dress. Dry, layered, and substantial dress keeps the perished body warm for an all-encompassing timeframe following demise. After the body has started genuine disintegration, the temperature will increment again subsequently making Algor Mortis progressively supportive in the assurance of right time pf passing inside the underlying twenty-four hours. Temperature readings are possible from deceaseds rectum or through the addition of a meat thermometer under deceaseds ribcage on right side and into liver. Glaister Equation (GE) is utilized by specialists in assessing time of death. While temperature vacillation can fluctuate anyplace between 1.0 degrees Fahrenheit (F) decrease in temperature an hour to a 12.0 degrees F decay 60 minutes, the normal stays 1.50 degrees F plunge 60 minutes, consistently following demise. The G E utilizes 98.40 degrees F (av. internal heat level) less rectal (or interior) temperature in degrees F, partitioned by 1.50 degrees F, to liken passing time. References Adair, T. (2012). Perspectives Influencing the Entomological Postmortem Interval in Crime Scene Reconstruction. J Assoc Crime Scene Reconstr, 18(3). Al-Alousi, L. M., Anderson, R. A., Worster, D. M., Land, D. V. (2002). Components affecting the accuracy of evaluating the posthumous span utilizing the triple-exponential formulae (tef): Part ii. an investigation of the impact of internal heat level right now of death on the after death cerebrum, liver and rectal cooling in 117 measurable cases. Scientific science global, 125(2), 231-236. Ito, T., Tamiya, N., Takahashi, H., Yamazaki, K., Yamamoto, H., Sakano, S. ... Miyaishi, S. (2012). Elements that draw out the posthumous span until discovering (PMI-f) among network abiding older people in Japan: investigation of enlistment information. BMJ open, 2(5), e001280.

Bangladesh Police Institution

Bangladesh Police Institution Feasible vote based system offers a commonsense sketch map for scholarly turn of events and political development. Also, maintainable vote based system guarantees solid administration and popularity based issue base encounter of difficulties influencing the residents from weakness, social equity, and regard of human rights.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Bangladesh Police Institution explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reflectively, economical majority rules system as an idea of institutional methodology in changes, offers an answer based administration of government foundations. The administration of Bangladesh stays a battling state in manageable popular government because of bombed institutional way to deal with offering elective answers for its lessening fair space, in spite of having started as a vote based state in 1971. Among the key foundations answerable for advancing popular government incorporate the police, ideological group the boar d, and the media (Przeworski 23). This paper will focus on the police foundation change so as to make the police organization liberated from defilement, bargain, and shameful acts to the residents. Therefore, this intelligent treatise endeavors to unequivocally distinguish issues inside the policing establishment of Bangladesh that legitimately and in a roundabout way influence manageable democratization of the regulatory and social arrangement of the Bangladesh state. Additionally, the paper investigate the current positon of police foundation in advancing equity, keeping up peace and advancing social union through helpful interventionist way to deal with democratization and opportunity of articulation, affiliation, and right to equity. What's more, the treatise uncovers pertinent proposals on an elective methodology in change motivation in the policing establishment. The national Bangladesh police have its head quarter in Dhaka and are responsible to the administration system in p ower. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) directs and controls arrangements, police financial plan, and move of officials. The police organization is isolated into the Special Branch (SB), the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) commanded with the obligation of advancing request, distinguishing, and examining violations inside the outskirts of Bangladesh. The police establishment in Bangladesh is commanded by the constitution to secure essential human rights through keeping up and implementing law and order.Advertising Looking for report on government? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The police power contains around 123,197 prepared officials circulated over the province of Bangladesh against the non military personnel populace 153 million. In this way, every cop should serve 1,200 individuals at some random time. Brilliantly, â€Å"There is a deficiency of police here; it’s a progressing emergency. How might we be relied upon to handle wrongdoing when there are a bigger number of lawbreakers than police? A criminal can walk unreservedly in light of the fact that he realizes that we don’t have the labor to capture him† (International Crisis Group 18). This is just about multiple times higher than the suggested proportion by the United Nations at 1:450. As a feature of the bigger Judicial framework, Police organization is at the reality in making captures, arranging arraignment charges, and helping the legal board in equity conveyance. In addition, the Police organization is in the front line in advancing attachment through advertising exercise which guarantees classification and non-exploitation (Przeworski 38). Be that as it may, this isn't the situation in Bangladesh policing establishment. Truly, the wild events since the autonomy of Bangladesh show that its policing foundation has stayed a manikin for the political class and well off elit es in the general public. Notwithstanding being at the benchmark of democratization, because of the way that the organization legitimately associates with people in general, arrangement of human rights bargains have been noted particularly over the most recent multi decade. Rather than advancing right to speak freely and securing residents going to mobilizes across ideological groups, this foundation is frequently disposed to a specific political activism side. As indicated by the International Crisis Group (2009) report: After many years of abuse and disregard, Bangladesh’s police are a wellspring of unsteadiness and dread as opposed to a key segment of a vote based society. Human rights manhandles are endemic and practically all Bangladeshis who interface with the police whine of debasement. With a chosen government set up once more, there are presently chances to change this broken power. In any case, there are likewise critical hindrances. On the off chance that the admin istration neglects to move past the current unassuming change process, the fair progress could flounder ought to decaying security allow the military to mediate, utilizing, as it has before, the affection of maintaining peace to legitimize crashing majority rules system. (Worldwide Crisis Group 3)Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Bangladesh Police Institution explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policing establishment of Bangladesh is known for an incredible notoriety on defilement, unreasonable utilization of power and ruthlessness in making captures and dislodging quiet fights, and ineptitude. In spite of the way that the past systems know and have recognized the numerous key imperfections, none has put the requirement for police changes inside their arrangement and fair proclamation. â€Å"Whether the need has been battling wrongdoing or handling psychological militants, progressive organizations have depended on half measures and handy so lutions as a rule including the military instead of changing the police as a long haul solution† (â€Å"Freedom House: Civil Liabilities in Bangladesh† standard. 7). Incidentally, tragically most global givers who are out to satisfy the political system of the day. At times, the universal givers have been blamed for undertaking the limited estimates that solitary serve to drag out interests of the system in power. Regardless of genuine weeps for change in the policing organization, the limited measures frequently prevail with regards to stifling the objection while simultaneously advance culture of exemption by expanded crime percentages. Because of the wasteful aspects in the police unit, military work force have utilized equivalent to reason to have more impact and control of regular citizen issues as obvious in the military overthrow of January 2007 probably enlivened by police wastefulness to ensure the general population. In spite of the fact that the current Awami League government had consolidated police changes as one of the quick plan in their pronouncement, a similar government needs cooperative attitude and enthusiasm on the improving this foundation. Truly, â€Å"it has indicated no enthusiasm for revoking or correcting the present police law, the Police Act of 1861, a pioneer period lawful headache planned essentially to keep supreme India’s subjects in line† (Uddin 32). As a matter of fact, the law of Bangladesh gives the administration system of the day full control order over the police who are regularly utilized by the legislature of the day to stifle and control the restriction rather than autonomous support all things considered. For example, Prime Minister Sheik Hasina’s organization received same strategies of her ancestors to take the policing foundation for her own removal on ‘errant’ resistance and fighting civilians.Advertising Searching for report on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More â€Å"Even if the PM and her organization were to change tack, any transition to protect the power from politicization and increment responsibility would be met with solid restriction from the administration and the business network, the two of which have a background marked by abusing shortcomings in the police organization† (Uddin 29). Brilliantly, the most remarkable and those in a situation to change the policing organization are regularly hesitant because of outer powers and individual interests which are put over the national interests. These incredible political and business on-screen characters keep on flourishing in exemption and self-centeredness since the current policing foundation needs structures to work autonomously in administration conveyance. In addition, the present system is hesitant to UNDP supported improvement program planned for advancing popular government through the Police Reform Program (PRR). Incidentally, the resigned and serving senior cops in Ba ngladesh policing establishment are against the program guaranteeing that it comes up short on the extensiveness in usage in spite of the way that they know about fundamental issues that has deteriorated the police power. In an astounding move, about all the resigned senior cops â€Å"suggest that the PRP isn't planned for changing the police into a cutting edge, restrained power ready to serve and ensure residents, yet is somewhat a costly†and tentatively viable †set of managerial modifications† (Uddin 34). Democratization process is regularly costly and requires support from all players so as to state a durable arrangement. Regardless of the help from the neighboring nation; India, absence of positive attitude from the present system has nearly slowed down the changes plan in the police foundation. Tragically, the police power stays unapproachable and inept. This has made an open to rearing ground for fanatic gatherings to impel their enthusiasm of undermining sec urity with a reason of freeing the residents of Bangladesh. In addition, should this occur, this little state would experience the ill effects of a condition of versatility described by high sizes of defilement outrages, frailty, and complete deserting of the equitable ga

Hamlet (Revenge) Essays (979 words) - Characters In Hamlet

Hamlet (Revenge) Hamlet (Revenge) Vengeance. Retribution makes one act indiscriminately through indignation, rather thanthrough reason. It depends on the rule of tit for tat, butthis rule isn't constantly a wise hypothesis to live by. YoungFortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet were all hoping to vindicate the passings oftheir fathers. They all followed up on feeling, and this prompted the destruction oftwo, and the ascent to intensity of one. Since the Heads of the three majorfamilies were each killed, the oldest children of these families sworevengeance, and two of the three children kicked the bucket while demanding their demonstrations ofvengeance, vengeance is a significant subject in the Tragedy of Hamlet. There were three significant families in the Disaster of Hamlet. These were thefamily of King Fortinbras, the family of Polonius, and the group of KingHamlet. The leaders of every one of these families are completely butchered inside theplay. Fortinbras, King of Norway, was murdered by King Hamlet; killed bysword during a man to man fight. ...our valiant Hamlet-for so this side ofour realized world esteem'd him-slew this Fortinbras. This qualified KingHamlet for the land that was controlled by Fortinbras on the grounds that it was writtenin a seal'd smaller. Polonius was a counsel to the King, what's more, father toLaertes and Ophelia. He was intrusive and presumptuous, and he did not trust hischildren. He was executed by Young Hamlet while he was eves dropping on aconversation among Hamlet and his mom. How now! A rodent? Dead, for aducat, dead! King Hamlet was the King of Denmark, and Hamlet's father. He had slaughtered King Fortinbras, just to be murdered by his sibling, Claudius. ...My offense is rank, it scents to paradise; A sibling's murder... Each ofthese occasions affected the children of the perished similarly, it enragedthem. All of the three oldest children had one thing in like manner, they allwanted retribution for a butchered father. In the time wherein this play isset, avenging the homicide of a dad was some portion of one's respect, and needed to bedone. The entirety of the three children swore retribution, and afterward acted towardsgetting retribution for the passings of their dads. Youthful Fortinbras was profoundly chafed by the passing of his dad, and hewanted retribution against Denmark in view of this event. Fortinbraswanted to, forcibly, recapture the grounds that had been lost by his dad toDenmark. ...Now sir, youthful Fortinbras...as it doth well show up unto ourstate-yet to recoup of us, by solid hand and terms compulsative, thoseforesaid lands so by his dad lost... Claudius sends emissaries to talkto Fortinbras' uncle, the new King of Norway. He preclude Fortinbras toattack Denmark, and rather persuaded him to assault the Poles to vent hisanger. ...His nephew's tolls, which to him appear'd to be a preparation'gainst the Polack; But better look'd into, he really discovered it was againstyour highness...On Fortinbras; which he, in a nutshell, complies, gets rebukefrom Norway, and, in fine, makes pledge before his uncle never more to givethe measure of arms against your greatness. Laertes got some answers concerning his dad's passing, what's more, quickly returnedhome. He went up against the King and blamed him for the homicide of his dad. Claudius disclosed to Laertes that Hamlet was dependable for his dad's demise. He at that point chooses to execute Hamlet to vindicate the demise of his dad. He andClaudius come up with a plot to execute Hamlet. Hamlet kicks the bucket of wounds from thepoisoned tipped blade Laertes utilized. ...Hamlet, thou workmanship slain...Thetreacherous instrument is in thy, unbated and envenom'd... Hamlet was profoundly distressed by his dad's passing. He addressed a phantom, andthis phantom expressed that his dad's passing was a homicide, by the hand of hisuncle, Claudius. The snake that stung thy father's life now wearshis crown. Hamlet was surprised, and afterward swore retribution for hisfather's passing. He at that point continued to attempt to demonstrate his uncle's blame, andthen at last murders him while he himself is biting the dust of harmed woundsinflicted by Laertes during their duel. The point envenomed as well! Thenvenom, to thy work...Here, thou perverted, lethal, condemned Dane, drink offthis elixir,- is thy association here? Follow my mom. This left the Kingdead, and his dad's demise vindicated. The absence of thought utilized in demanding the retribution prompted the passings of bothLaertes and Hamlet. Laertes arranged with Claudius to slaughter Hamlet with thepoisoned tipped blade, however they had not believed that the blade may beused against them. With Laertes accepting the King's allegations thatHamlet had killed his dad, he was in a daze rage, and would notlisten to Hamlet's clarification and statement of regret. I am fulfilled in nature...tomy revenge...I stand aloof...and will no reconcilement...But till that time, I doreceive your offer'd love like love, and won't off-base it.. He

The Age Of Shakespeare Macbeths Downfall Assignment - 275 Words

The Age Of Shakespeare: Macbeth's Downfall Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Macbeths DownfallNameInstitutionMacbeths ruin is ascribed to his egotistical ambitions. However, the witches and his companion, Lady Macbeth, also played a role in his downfall. Lady Macbeth was accountable for persuading Macbeth to perpetrate murder. The witches prognosis about Macbeth becoming a king was also accountable for his ruin. Macbeths egotistic aspirations majorly contributed to his ruination.At the plays beginning, Macbeth manifests himself as a hero by demonstrating courage and bravery. Macbeth is commended by a commander who reports his courage and atrocity towards the enemies of Scotland (Kemp, 2010). Macbeths bravery is acknowledged by Duncan, a king, who righteously remunerates him. However, the violent and brutal character of Macbeth causes him to kill a king. Although the witches (three) and Lady Macbeth influenced him to commit murder, his character and deep desire fueled and motivated his ambitions.Macbeth is first influenced by the witches (three ) who prophesied about Macbeth becoming a king (Sheinberg, 2004). He is convinced by the witches prognostication blindly with no prove. He opts to believe the predictions that were miss-interpreted. The predictions by the witches were responsible for corrupting Macbeths thoughts. However, the predictions by the witches did not in any way suggest the kings murder. The idea of treachery and murder could have crossed the mind of Macbeth because Banquo perceives his self-reproach (Kemp, 2010).His deep and black aspirations frighten him. Therefore, he declines to openly talk about the desires. He decides to send his companion, Lady Macbeth, a letter describing his state. His wife, after getting the message, supports the kings execution because she conceives it as the only chance to attain their ambitions. He allows Lady Macbeth to exploit him by blaming him for not acting like a &l...

Cox Surname Meaning and Origin

There are several possible origins or meanings for the last name Cox. Options include: Form of COCK (little), a term of endearment (i.e. WILLCOX, little Will), often used to denote a leader or chief man.Possibly originated from the Welsh word coch, meaning red.Cox could also be a locality descriptive surname for heap, haycock, or hillcock. Last Name Statistics Old and common last names are often difficult to define, research, or trace. Cox is the 78th most popular surname in the United States. Cox is also popular in England, coming in as the 52nd most common surname. Origin: English, French, Welsh, and/or IrishAlternate Spellings: Cocks Genealogy Resources Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Cox surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Cox query.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Cox surname.FamilySearch hosts records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Cox surname and its variations. Resources and Further Reading Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Cottle, Basil. The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Penguin, 1967.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University, 1989.Hanks, Patrick, editor. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University, 2003.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Bilingual ed., Avotaynu, 2005.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical, 1997.

Toyota s Global Sustainability - 1368 Words

Toyota s Global Sustainability For this Capstone Project, a foreign company (Toyota Motor Corporation) was chosen that trades on the New York Stock Exchange. This paper will outline how Toyota has become one of the world’s leading brands through the fruitful use of its global strategies. As a result, the main focus of this project will be on Toyota s global sustainability. Part One: Overview of Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation, (in short: Toyota) was founded in 1937 in Japan. It is one of the largest automobile manufacturers in the world based in Aichi, Japan. Toyota is also one of the top 20 brands in the world. As of August 2016, Toyota had approximately 350,000 employees all over the world, and in February of the same year, it was†¦show more content†¦Since 2009, Toyota has established itself as the best manufacturer and marketer of hybrid vehicles. In February 2017, the worldwide cumulative sales of Lexus and Toyota hybrid cars reached 10 million, making it the highest selling brand of hybrid vehicles. Toyota’s another top quality hybrid car brand Prius also achieved the milestone of 6.5 million pieces sold globally as of February 2017 (Toyota: Our Company, 2017). The company trades on all the stock exchanges of Japan. In addition, it actively trades on the LSE (London Stock Exchange), and also on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange). Toyota has more than 220 affiliates and 550 consolidated subsidiaries all over the world. The company also received numerous influential industry awards for its rigorous quality management and production efficiency. Toyota is well-known for its mass production and marketing strategies, targeting almost all the market niches in the global automobile industry. However, in recent years, the company produced more sedans, minivans, and hybrid cars than its other forms of vehicles due to the rising demand of these cars among the customers of the world (#10 Toyota Motor, 2017). Part Two: Outline of the Capstone Portfolio Project As mentioned earlier, this project will mainly emphasize on the global sustainability strategies adopted and used by Toyota. The following sections and subsections will provideShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility in Automotive Industry1496 Words   |  6 PagesMagally | Toyota | Anvesh | Tata Motors | Executive Summary Automotive Industry is one of the biggest economic sectors in the world and the impact they have to the communities in their best practices has a huge advantage promoting corporate social responsibility. We looked and discussed various issues of CSR in the report not limited but including: Investing in the Future, Technology Drives Change Electric cars, Materials and Workforce Implications. 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Australian Industry Report Office of the Chief Economist

Question: Describe about the Australian Industry Report for Office of the Chief Economist? Answer: Introduction Financial Statement Analysis is an important tool in understanding the financial performance and position of a company for a specified period. The analysis comprises of three financial statements i.e. Balance Sheet, Income Statement and the Cash Flow Statement. There are many users of these reports which include management, investors, creditors, debtors and the government. In this report, we have analysed the financial performance of Rio Tinto Group which is into the mining and metals business with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom and management office in Australia. The financial statements of the company for five years starting from 2010 to 2014 have been referred to and analyzed. The financial statements are available in the annual report of the company. However, a consolidated data from a financial website Morningstar have been extracted and the same has been analysed. This analysis is majorly useful to the potential investors as the analysis includes determining the profitability, liquidity and stability of the company. Based on the above analysis, the investor can decide whether to or not invest in the company depending upon the financial performance. Various ratios have been calculated to ascertain the profitability, liquidity and stability of the company. The results have been analysed after reading the annual report and other source o f information to make them meaningful. Rationale for choosing Rio Tinto Mining is one of the most important industries in Australia and contributes a major part of the National Income. Rio Tinto is into the business of finding, mining and processing the Earths mineral resources. These minerals and metals are further used in the infrastructure industry to build the countrys infrastructure. Hence, the nature of the business is core to the growth of an economy and hence, the company has been chosen for analysis. Australia has experienced boom in the mining sector in the last decade which has brought in investment, jobs and wealth to Australia. However, the boom has peaked now and the commodity prices have started falling. The second half of 2014 was challenging for the mining companies due to low commodity prices, changing demand patterns, tougher regulatory environment, increasing costs and a changing competitive landscape, but the real challenge was to continue smooth operations and maintain profitability for the shareholders in such a volatile environment. Only companies with operational excellence, improved productivity and profitability, lower costs, and a strong cash flow can sustain in such changing market conditions. The changing landscape of the mining industry makes it imperative to study and analyse the companies working in this landscape to see whether they are able to cope up with the changing market conditions or not. Rio Tinto appears to be a strong player and has maintained a value driven approach to stay ahead in the competition. The company very well realises the end of boom and hence has framed its policies accordingly. Performance Analysis The performance of the company has been analysed by calculating various ratios which are explained below: Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Ratio The gross profits are highest in 2011 as the year experienced the peak of mining boom, thereafter, the commodity prices started falling and so did the total revenue. However, the gross profits have increased in 2013 and 2014 due to operating cash cost improvements and strengthening of the US dollar against the local currencies. Net profit Ratio The net profits are negative in 2012 mainly due to impairment charges of $5 billion and also the though the gross profits were high in 2011 but net profits are comparatively very low due to impairment charges of $8.5 billion. Even in the era of falling commodity prices, 2014 has recorded a significant net profit due to increased sales volume, improved operational efficiencies and strengthening of dollar against local currencies. Operating Ratio The ratio was highest in 2012 as the year is marked by high costs with respect to impairment charges, similarly year 2011 also has high operating ratio even though the revenue is higher than other years, majorly due to the impairment charges. After 2010, 2014 has the lowest operations ratio as the company has moved towards being cost effective. Return on Assets The ROA has decreased from 2010 to 2012 due to a fall in net income as the total assets have increased in these years. In 2013 and 2014, the total assets have decreased mainly due a fall in receivables, inventories and property, plant and equipment. Even then the ROA has increased as a result of increasing net profits. This means the company has been able to utilize its assets efficiently to generate profits in the later years. Return on Capital Employed The ROCE also has similar pattern as the ROA. The total capital employed has decreased from 2012 to 2014, but the ROCE has increased due to an increase in EBIDTA, where the interest expenses have fallen in 2014 and so has the depreciation expense. In 2014, the company has been able to generate higher returns on lower capital employed. Stability and Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio The current ratio is above 1 in all the years which means that the current assets are sufficient to meet the short term obligations. The current ratio has been the lowest in 2012 as the current assets decreased considerably in the form of cash and cash equivalents and the current liabilities increased due to short term debts. However, the company recovered and the cash balance increased in later years and was at $1.2 billion in 2014 indicating high liquidity of the company. In 2014, the company also got rid of some part of its short term debt and there was a decrease in accounts payables, thus leading to a further increase in liquidity. Quick Ratio The quick ratio is also the lowest in 2012 as the cash balance has decreased and payables and inventory have also increased. Even after removing the inventories, the liquidity still remains low in 2012 due to lower assets as compared to current liabilities. However, in 2013 and 2014, the company has reduced its inventories, thus increasing the liquidity and the payables have also gone down so has the short term debt in 2014. Thus 2014 can be termed as a year in which the company was very liquid with low inventory, debt and more cash balance. Debt to Equity Ratio The company has on an average 50% debt and 50% equity in its capital structure. The total debt has been increasing from 2011 to 2013, whereas, stockholders equity has decreased continuously with equity increasing slightly only in 2014. The company has undertaken both short term and long term debt. The borrowings of the company decreased in 2014, making it less risky and more stable. There is more financial flexibility and low cost of capital. Interest Coverage Ratio The interest coverage ratio has decreased during 2010 to 2012 and after that it has increased. The negative coverage in 2012 is on account of negative EBIT resulting from high impairment charges. 2010 and 2011 were years of high profits and low debt, hence a very impressive interest coverage ratio is there. However, with the mining boom reaching its peak in 2012 and commodity prices after that, the profits have gone down and the company has undertaken debt to finance its growth and expansion. However, in 2014, the interest expense reduced due to repayment of debt and increased profits led to coverage ratio being 15 times. Working Capital Management Ratios Accounts Payables Turnover The company has a very impressive accounts payables turnover with there being no payables in 2012 to 2012. The company mostly paid its suppliers in cash. In 2013 and 2014, the payables have occurred and show an increasing trend. This is a good sign as the company has started making use of credit and the amount saved from there can be used for other business purposes. Inventory Turnover Ratio The inventory turnover ratio has improved from 2012 to 2014. This is because the company has reduced its working capital tied up in inventories. This is a good sign as it signifies that the working capital management is moving towards being efficient. The turnover is the highest in 2014 as the inventory is the lowest in this period and the revenue has also increased as compared to 2012 and 2013. Accounts Receivables Turnover Ratio The accounts receivables turnover also has a similar trend as that of inventory turnover indicating that the company is improving its working capital management and hence its liquidity. The receivables have decreased continuously i.e. the company has been able to collect cash for sales made. The fast turning cash makes more cash balance available to the company to meet its expenditures. From 2012 onwards, the revenue has increased and the receivables have decreased resulting in higher cash balance and efficient working capital management. The days receivable for Rio Tinto is approximately a months time. Stock Market Performance Ratios Earnings per Share The earnings per share has decreased from 2010 to 2012 and increased after that. The weighted average share capital has not undergone any major change except in year 2012 when it was reduced by approx. $1billion. Thereafter, it has remained almost constant. The change in EPS is due to a change in net income available to equity shareholders. The earnings have increased after 2012 even in a challenging market where the commodity prices were falling mainly due to increased volume of sales and lower operations costs. Dividend per Share The dividend per share has continuously increased from 2010 to 2014. This is due to an increase in the dividends paid every year. The number of shares has not undergone any major change. This is a good return from the shareholders point of view as they are getting paid in cash for the investments made in Rio Tinto shares. A company paying higher dividends is always preferred by shareholders as they are directly being benefited. In spite of suffering losses in 2012 due to impairment charges, the company has still paid dividends of $3 billion as the underlying earnings were positive and cash balance was strong since impairment charge is a non cash item. Dividend Payout Ratio The dividend payout ratio is negative in 2012 because the net income is negative. The ratio is highest in 2013 because net income is low as compared to 2014 but the dividends are almost similar. In 2014, the company has generated the highest net income after 2011, whereas cash dividends paid have not increased in the same ratio, resulting in a low dividend payout in 2014. The company has retained its earnings after paying sufficient dividends. Earnings Yield Ratio The earnings yield has improved from 2012 to 2014. This yield is higher in 2014 as compared to 2013 because the earnings per share have increased and the market price of the shares of Rio Tinto has decreased making it an undervalued stock. The market share price of Rio Tinto was the highest in 2010 followed by 2013. However, the yields are higher in 2014. Dividend Yield Ratio The dividend yield shows an increasing trend due to an increase in dividends paid and a less then proportionate increase/decrease in share prices. The share prices increased in 2013, thus lowering the yield. However, a fall in share prices in 2014 and an increase in dividends paid led to an increase in the dividend yield. Summary of the Analysis Profitability Ratios Comments 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Gross Profit Ratio 35.20% 40.10% 26.40% 29.40% 27.30% Decrease Net Profit 25.30% 9.60% -5.90% 7.20% 13.70% Increase Return on Assets 12.70% 5.00% -2.50% 3.20% 6.00% Increase Return on capital 24.60% 16.80% 2.10% 9.20% 15.80% Increase Operating ratio 62.30% 77.40% 104.50% 92.20% 78.60% Improved Stability and Liquidity ratio Current Ratio 1.82 1.46 1.39 1.47 1.73 Increase Quick ratio 1.42 1.11 0.95 1.09 1.37 Increase Debt to Equity ratio 0.26 0.42 0.57 0.62 0.54 Improved Interest coverage ratio 27.45 27.59 -8.30 7.91 15.72 Increase Working Capital Management Ratios Accounts Payables Turnover NA NA NA 11.67 13.37 Increase days payables 31.29 27.3 Improved Inventory turnover ratio 7.71 6.83 6.12 6.29 7.97 Increase Days Inventory 47.3 50.6 55.6 31.3 53.1 Decrease Accounts Receivables Turnover 9.08 9.55 8.49 10.9 13.17 Increase Days Receivables 40.2 38.2 43 33.5 27.7 Increase Stock Market Performance Ratios Earnings Per Share 7.3 3.03 -1.62 1.98 3.53 Increase Dividend Per Share 0.89 1.16 1.64 1.8 2.01 Increase Dividend Payout Ratio 0.1 0.4 -1 0.9 0.6 Decrease Dividend Yield 0.015 0.023 0.031 0.032 0.039 Increase Earnings Yield 0.12 0.06 -0.03 0.04 0.07 Increase The increase/decrease in the comments section has been given for the most recent year i.e. 2014 as compared to 2013. Limitations of Ratio Analysis Though the above ratio analysis gives insights to the companys financial performance, however, there are many limitations of the same that are discussed below: Inflation inflations makes it difficult to compare the financial results over a period of time as it can lead to price increases and thus can mislead the investors. Use of different accounting policies inter firm comparison may be difficult as different firms may use different accounting policies. The standards provide firms with the flexibility to use different accounting policies that may make the comparison difficult. Outdated information in financial statements the balance sheet shows a companys financial position at a point of time. A ratio based on the balance sheet figures may be reflective of the financial position for the year as a whole. Like for a seasonal business, the year end debtors and inventories may be low. Use of creative accounting management may use creative accounting to show better financial performance in the form of changing method of depreciation etc... This may mislead the users of financial statements. Interpretation of ratios it is difficult to generalise whether a particular ratio result is good or bad. Like of the current ratio is high, it is considered good from liquidity point of view but this may mean excessive cash which is bad. Hence interpretation of ratios cannot be generalised. Impact of seasonality on trading there are many fluctuations that may occur during a financial period. However, the financial statements are based on the year end results. Hence, a seasonal firm may choose its accounting period according to seasons to show better results. This may mislead the users of financial statements. Summarised information - the financial statements present the summary of the accounts. The financial statements are presented in two pages whereas notes to financial statements which are written in more than 20 pages are not taken into consideration in calculating ratios. Conclusion and Recommendation Looking at the above financial analysis of Rio Tinto, it is clear that years 2011 and 2012 were not good in terms of profitability as there were huge impairment charges which highly impacted the companys financial position. Impairment of assets means the company has made bad investment decisions of the assets and impacts both the balance sheet and the income statement. However, the company has taken a corrective step and has replaced the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tom Albanses who was held responsible for such impairments. The new CEO is expected to work towards better investments decisions. Apart from that, the company has increasing profits in 2014 despite of low commodity prices; this has been possible due to high sales volumes and lower costs. The company is committed to maintaining operative and commercial excellence and even in such challenging market conditions where competition is increasing, prices are falling, it has been able to increase its earnings. The company can be easily said to be liquid and stable. This is because the current ratio and quick ratio have increased in the recent years due to reduction in current liabilities like payables and an increase in the cash balance. The inventories have also reduced in 2014 making the company more liquid. Cash comprises the highest component in the current assets thus indicating high level of liquidity. The company has increased its stability by reducing the debt to 50% of the total capital. The gearing ratio is good enough to give tax benefits and maintain stability. Year 2014 was marked by a reduction in total debts. The company has interest coverage ratio if more than 15 times in 2014 which is an impressive figure as the company can comfortably pay for its interest expenses. Hence, it can be concluded that the company is very stable and liquid. The working capital management is also efficient as the company has reduced its receivables and inventories thus increasing the respective turnover ratios. This gives the company free cash that can be utilized for other growth and expansion purposes. The payables have also reduced meaning good rapport with the suppliers but the company has ensured enough payables to make use of available credit facilities. Thus, it can be said that working capital is being managed efficiently. The stock performance ratios also indicate an improving trend where the cash dividends paid has increased over the period thus increasing cash returns for equity shareholders. The company has not increased its shareholder capital by a great extent whereas the earnings available to the equity shareholders has increased, thus increasing the total earnings available to the shareholders. The companys market share price has fallen in 2014 due to a fall in the commodity prices resulting from a fall in demand of these commodities like iron ore, copper and coal by China. In spite of this, the companys earnings have increased. Though the financial position of the company appears to be strong, however, the falling commodity prices pose a danger for the company. The demand for resources from China which was a major profit driver has slowed down; hence the revenue of the company is expected to decrease. For now it would be better to not invest in the company or the mining sector in particular. References Industry.gov.au, (2014), Australian Industry Report, Office of the Chief Economist Newport Consulting, (2014), 2014 Mining Business Outlook finds Confidence at a new Low, accessed online on 8th Feb, 2016, available at https://newportconsulting.com.au/2014-mining-business-outlook/ Abc.net, (2014), How Important is Mining to Australia, accessed online on 8th Feb, 2016, available at, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bushtelegraph/mining-value/5543658 Raszkiewicz, O., (2015), Why the Rio Tinto Limited share price may continue to fall, accessed online on 10th Feb, 2016, available at https://www.fool.com.au/2015/12/03/the-rio-tinto-limited-share-price-continues-to-fall/ Morningstar, (2016), Rio Tinto Plc Adr: Financials, accessed online on 8th Feb, 2016, available at, https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=RIO Rio Tinto, (2014), Rio Tinto: 2014 Annual Report, available at riotinto.com/ar2014 Rio Tinto, (2012), Rio Tinto: 2014 Annual Report, available at riotinto.com/reportingcentre2012 Yahoo finance, (2016), Rio Tinto Plc Historical Prices, accessed online on 8th Feb, 2016, available at, https://in.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=RIO.L World finance, (2011), Rios tainted assets, accessed online on 10th Feb, 2016, available at https://www.worldfinance.com/home/contributors/rios-tainted-assets-2 Critchlow, A., (2015), Commodities Crash Could Turn Australia into a New Greece, The Telegraph, accessed online on 10th Feb, 2016, available at, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/11749706/Commodities-crash-could-turn-Australia-into-a-new-Greece.html Woolrich, N. (2014), Commodity price crash causing Australian economy to 'unwind', accessed online on 10th Feb, 2016, available at, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-02/commodity-price-crash-causing-australian-economy-to-unwind/5933532 Timbrell, M., (2014), what do falling commodity prices mean for Aussie miners and our economy? Accessed online on 10th Feb, 2016, available at, https://www.mywealth.commbank.com.au/investing/what-do-falling-prices-mean-for-aussie-miners-and-our-economy--hottopic201412

Observers Paradox

Introduction The observer’s paradox is also known as the Hawthorne effect in social sciences. In sociolinguistics, it was first coined and observed by William Labov when he studied variation and style in speech. He designed the famous sociolinguistic interview meant to get information about language.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this interview, he emphasized on four structural parts that the interviewee was requested to do. The first was to read a list of minimal pairs; which was followed by reading a list of words in isolation. Thirdly, the interviewees were required to read aloud a short narrative; and finally engage in a conversation about their lives. This paper aims to analyse issues that arise from observer’s paradox and attempt to present ways that sociolinguists can minimize their impact. Observer’s paradox is sues Observer’s paradox as a problem lies in the process of investigating language style and usage among individuals through speech collection. In the process, a sociolinguist sets out to account in the best possible way about the variations occurring between what people say against what they believe they say. Interviewees perceive that their intelligence is being sort, and hence they alter their speech to suit these notions. As a result, the sociolinguist as a field expert faces the problem of non-reality. He cannot discern whether what the interviewee is real or not hence the idea of unknowable. A double bind situation occurs since what the sociolinguist wants to know can only be known through observation which is subject to change. The interviewee speech performance is influenced by the presence of the interviewer hence observer’s paradox (Crowley, 2007). The observer’s paradox issue has repeatedly been the subject of scholarly interest in ethnographic lingui sts. This has especially been in the study of language sensitivity in the social situation context. The sociolinguist who is also an interlocutor forms a critical component in the process since he is responsible for the interactional role. A sociolinguist can only collect targeted speech on a daily basis in order to obtain reasonable amounts for analysis. This is meant to overcome observer’s paradox. The interviewer can only engage fully in the conversation as a participator at the lowest level. This means that his social relationship in the process allows for the most minimal effect to the linguistic data collected (Meyer, 2005). There needs to be an effective strategy laid down in the form of roles and procedures that outline what the interaction roles are for the interviewer. As a fact, the team interviewer contradicts this role hence the name interlocutor. His relationship with the social group under investigation needs to be present before any interpretation of any lingu istic behaviour is explained to seek for certain senses.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The observer’s paradox also throws into light the question of social class between the interlocutor and the informant. In cases where the two are of unequal status, the informant takes the higher side and thus this influences the information collected. This results to information that reflects self-importance or even looks down effect unto the interlocutor hence any attempt to analyse the data results to wrong conclusions (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). In cases where the interlocutor is of higher social status, the effect to the informant would be either that of aspiration to illustrate same social status to that of the interlocutor’s or one that is too affected by inferiority effect. In these two scenarios, the interlocutor does not have the best information to analyse la nguage in the social group since already it has been affected by his presence. Another issue that arises in the observer’s effect is the problem of bilingual social groups. In such social groups, it is very difficult to maintain an interactional conversation between two people due to the process of code switching. Informants keep on switching to the other codes available hence this becomes a challenge to the smooth flow of the desired speech language. At times, both the interlocutor and informant are of the same social group and ethnicity. In this case, code switching is influenced by the need to fulfil the cultural demands of politeness hence promoting code switching. Again this problem is aggravated by the problem of status equality between the two persons (Wei, 1994). The issue of age is also another observer’s paradox area of concern in the field interview. The informants have their own views about age. If an interlocutor is of a lower age than the informant, chanc es of false linguistic data collected are high. This is even compounded by issues in gender variations. The informants and the interlocutor may influence the responses in the conversations to suit a certain gender hence observer’s paradox effect. The informants may think that the interlocutor is interested in studying their knowledge hence they may give misleading data that result to flawed analysis of the language in the social context (Crowley, 2007). Education is also an issue that is raised in the process of a sociolinguistic interview. Speakers who have lower levels of education differ significantly when compared with those with high levels of education. The education level of the informant and that of the interlocutor may at times be very different hence promoting a situation where the informant’s responses are impacted greatly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Observer’s Paradox specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More The interlocutor at the same time may despise an informant who has very low levels of education. This may create an unnatural relationship between the two. This leads to production of unnatural speech that does not qualify to the intentions of the process of sociolinguistic study of language variations in social groups. The observer’s paradox comes into play when the cultures of the informant and the interlocutor are at extreme ends. In this case, the informant may find it difficult to interview a culture that is superior just as it would be to maintain professional equality when dealing with one that is lower than his (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). The other regards ethnicity in the sense that different ethnic languages may pose problems to an interlocutor interested in collecting linguistic data. This problem is seen in the context of social relationship or rapport that the interlocutor must create in order to set out a conversational sett ing for effective collection of data (Crowley, 2007). Sociolinguists have attempted to minimize the effect of observer’s paradox trough different techniques and measures. Arising issues from such techniques include ethics in the process among others. Ethics means refers to accepted codes and standards of procedures in behaviour in a given set up or society. Informants who give misleading information leading to incorrect recordings breach the ethics of truth and honesty at all times. The data analysed forth from such recordings becomes flawed due to such issues in the process on the part of the informant or interlocutor doing it knowingly (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). Any attempts to collect data using hidden recorders breaches the questions of ethics since a sociolinguist cannot get any data secretly in his research. The speaker must know at all times that he or she is being recorded otherwise it becomes illegal in any part of the world. The fact that the informant is a frien d or family does not give the right to record them secretly. This is because it only leads to breach of trust resulting to damaged relationships. The attempt to decrease the effect of observer’s paradox emanates from the desire to present quality work rather than quantity. This means removing the human informants in the process of research, of which it is not possible (Stockwell and Trask, 2007). Another issue an interview related to observer’s paradox concerns the questions and how to ask them. The process of interviewing is guided by questions that are structured to get the most natural display of linguistic data. Interviewers must learn the questions that must change the interview to the friendliest of all. The interviewer must thus keep in mind that besides being a researcher and a fieldworker he is also a speaker and a hearer in the conversation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interviewer must thus use strategies like volunteering personal experiences, reacting and responding to new issues as well as following conversations to where the informant directs them. The questions must be developed according putting in mind that they must elicit data and create a conversation setting (Aarts, and McMahon, 2006). Questions that elicit emotions have been found to be favourable in some situations as opposed to others. Therefore, the interviewer must use his social skills to allow flexibility in order to determine a successful interview process. In terms of setting the roles, the interviewer should present an interview that encourages the interviewee to offer information through closer relationship rather than a distant one. In this role, the interviewer sets up a setting which allows him to behave as a learner rather than an expert hence every question leads to another which is related. The interviewee must get interested in the informant in order to produce a r elationship that is supportive and building. Information disclosure in the field work is concerned with letting the informant understand the purpose of the research. This is usually not possible since quite a number of informants do not understand issues in linguists that are under study. In an interview, this is an important aspect to and it should be kept minimum. When informants are told the purpose of the study, there is a possibility of a speaker’s influence is possible. This may lead to performance bias that can be conscious or unconscious hence the problem of informed consent (Kastovsky and Arthur, 2000). The practicalities of the time range that an interview can last are also other issues raised by the observer’s paradox. Labov in Crowley (2007) wrote that it should last between one to two hours. Determination of how long it should take must be dependent on what forms the subject of interest in the interview. This is because different linguistic data demands va rying amounts of time for considerable data recording. Also, the issue of breaking familiarity with the interviewer in order to present a situation that is familiar determines the time and extent of an interview. In practice, interviewers use a repetitive strategy that involves the same informant for a period of a long time. Conducting interviews in a repetitive manner, which spans for a long period, has often in practice been a measure to minimize the impact of observer’s paradox upon the process. Repetitive interviews create an environment that promotes conversation rather than an interview’s formal setting. Accurate transcription of data recorded from the field work is another issue of concern. The difficulties arising from transcription are based on the fact that no account can include everything recorded. The transcription may lead to the inclusion of any amount of contextual data hence the potential infinite extent of the problem. This problem is also aggravated by time and cost. In addition, the interaction of human and machine contributes to the aggravation of the problem. Further arising from this issue is the problem of the subjective interpretation to recorded data that only leads to the truth which is intended by the purpose of inquiry that plays the judge and the audience (Murphy, 2010). The recorded data may be influenced greatly by background noise and interruptions that negatively impact on the quality and clarity of such data. This presents problems in transcribing phases as tedious time is wasted while the quality of the information gotten is susceptible to alterations and changes not meant to be present. Therefore, there must be efforts to change these issues in order to get the best process when recording information. The issue of transcription extends to the methods of collecting data (Thierberger, 2012). The instruments used to record data have sometimes been observed to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Th is is when they attract attention that changes the informant’s natural language elicitation. However, at other instances, materials used to record data present the problem of applicability to modern data analysis. These instruments may lead to time wastage due to their incompatibility hence also affecting the quality by falling below efficiency standards. On the same issue, the materials that are used to record may not be comprised in terms of quality and durability. This may necessitate the need for extra and constant care. If this lacks, the effective process of the interview may fail, and this leads to waste (Penke and Rosenbach, 2007). Minimizing the effects of Observer’s Paradox Sociolinguists have been concerned with reducing the effects of observer’s paradox in efforts to collect natural speech from an informant. As noted the observer’s paradox is brought about by the presence of the field worker, a recording device and the task itself and thence m inimizing strategies must revolve directly or indirectly to these issues. These may include modifying the interview, the topics to be discussed in the activity, as well as the situations in the processes (Thierberger, 2012). Stockwell and Trask, (2007) wrote that using protocols that engage the informants in emotionally involving responses, recoding events that are public and being recorded helps to minimize the potential of interference in the process of research. Labov in his quest for this solution observed that there was a need for the interlocutor to make process most friendly upon the informant. This was through participative observation where the informant becomes part of the conversation hence reducing the formality of the interview process. Another approach requires the interviewer to enlist the number of informants to more than one (Thierberger, 2012). In the process, the participants engaged in more natural speech between themselves rather than with the interlocutor hence resulting recorded data becomes empirical. This strategy result in a casual speech where the relationship between the informants is not restricted by formality issues or other constrains of the stranger effect. Another strategy for minimizing the observer’s paradox involves increasing the number of interviewer’s in order to improve the dynamics of recording sessions as well moderation settings in the process. The presence of two interviewers allows the generation of ideas and topics in a wide context hence make the process natural (Chambers, 2003). A third strategy involves removing the interviewer in the process although this has issues in the recording process. Macaulay’s in Meyerhoff (2006) notes that research onto two pairs of adolescents who were left alone to engage in a conversation led to more data gathered quickly from a number of speakers as compared to the classic interview. It was effective based on the fact that the interview took the natural, conv ersational approach. In this case, the interviewer was actively removed from the process although there are methodological issues to consider. As already mentioned, overcoming the observer’s paradox may be achieved through repetitive friendly interviews. Such interviews maintain a rapport hence including familiarity in the process. The moment familiarity is included in an approach then the sociolinguist enjoys a process that records almost casual speech. This gives data which is factual and helpful in understanding the variations in language as espoused by different social groups. Moderating questions to suit a certain setting, as well those that have been known to demand most natural display, is another way to minimize the observer’s paradox. Informants would respond to questions by giving insights on linguistics’ features of their language if they are correctly designed. In addition, the amount of time that an interview should take is also an effective strateg y since the interviewer can avoid time ranges that are tiresome or inappropriate. This helps to minimize the observer’s paradox on the informant hence resulting to the desired information. Sociolinguists should avoid disclosing the purpose of research study due to the problem of bias that comes with informed consent concept (Thierberger, 2012). In terms of differences in ethnicity, it has been observed sociolinguists who use family and friends achieve corpora quickly and from a large audience. Sociolinguists may use interviewers whose ethnic orientation coincides with the informant for effective, natural speech data collection. This is workable based on the fact that an interview where the conversation approach is employed leads to success. Age difference is also another issue in the observer’s paradox which sociolinguists must try to overcome. It can be solved by first laying down the procedures and regulations that should be followed in a research process. In this fi rst approach, the researcher identifies his target in terms of ages and thus the deliberate choice of the interviewer must be put into concern in order to coincide with the average age of the target interviewee (Thierberger, 2012). Education levels are another issue which sociolinguists must resolve to overcome consciously. Where education levels are varying the observer’ paradox can be overcome by applying the use of different languages in the process. The application of such languages helps to involve informants in less-engaging language thus reducing the problem of the language barrier. The interviewer goes down to the level of the informant to take the position of a fellow companion. This is as opposed to an educated stranger who is aloof to the lowest social groups’ level of understanding and perspectives. Another universally acclaimed way to minimize observer’s paradox effect is the use of participative observation. The sociolinguist in this case takes to anthropological dimensions by spending time in the speech community in order to gain the social closeness while at the same time investigating the language. This method creates familiarity although it has its problem in terms of interference and influence (Meyer, 2005). The problem of transcription is solvable through the application of standard procedures in recording and transcription. These standards should be put in place in considerations of the study intended, as well the purpose. At the same time, this helps to decide on the materials that support long lasting storage of information. This would solve problems of lost data due to wear and tear, and obsoleteness. The instruments used for such recordings should not be seen to contribute to the observer’s paradox effect. Thus, sociolinguists may utilize modern, efficient, as well as portable recorders in order to minimize this effect. Conclusion The paper focuses on the aspects that arise from the observer’s paradox . This is done from the perspective of the interviewer, the interviewee as well as the interview process. The three are involved in explaining issues like education, age, gender, ethnicity, and language. Others describe issues like data transcription and recording. After the issues, the paper checks the different ways each one of them can be solved by sociolinguists. This is in an effort to overcome its challenge hence reducing or mitigating observer’s paradox. Reference List Aarts, B and McMahon, MSA 2006, The handbook of English linguistics:  Volume 36 of Blackwell handbooks in linguistics, John Wiley Sons, Oxford. Chambers, JK 2003, Sociolinguistic theory: linguistic variation and its social significance  Language in society, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Crowley, T 2007, Field Linguistics: A Beginner’s Guide, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kastovsky, D and Arthur M 2000, The history of English in a social context: a contribution to historical sociolinguistics, Vo lume 129 of Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs, Walter de Gruyter, New York. Meyer, GP 2005, Synchronic English linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tubingen. Meyerhoff, M 2006, Introducing sociolinguistics, Taylor Francis, New York. Murphy, B 2010, Corpus and sociolinguistics: investigating age and gender in female talk, Volume 38 of Studies in corpus linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Penke, M and Rosenbach, S 2007, What counts as evidence in linguistics: the case of innateness, Volume 7 of Benjamins current topics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Florence. Stockwell, P and Trask, L 2007, Language and linguistics: the key concepts, Taylor Francis, New York. Thieberger, N 2012, Linguistic Fieldwork, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wei, L 1994, Three generations, two languages, one family: language choice and language shift in a Chinese community in Britain Volume 104 of Multilingual matters, Multilingual Matters, FranfurtLodge. This critical writing on Observer’s Paradox was written and submitted by user Dayton Ortiz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Centrifugation Lab essays

Centrifugation Lab essays The purpose of this experiment was to separate and identify the lower density particles in a homogenous mixture. Thus, the objective of the exercise was to realize that there is more than one structure in the cytoplasm and to isolate them using homogenization and differential centrifugation. In doing so, one can recognize and identify these particles by how the separate-which can be affected by density, shape, viscosity, the speed and/or diameter of the centrifuge. By examining the effects of the centrifugation, it allows you to see these principles for yourself, which gives you a better understanding of how the exercise works. Ø Homogenization: break up pea cells in a blender to release organelles Ø Filtration: pour homogenate over beaker covered with cheesecloth to filter out large fragments-set aside for observation o Pour filtrate into 4 test tubes, evenly filled o Place tubes in opposing holes in centrifuge o Centrifuge for 3 minutes @ 1000 RPM o Centrifuge remaining 3 for 10 minutes @ 3000 RPM o Use remaining sediment for mitochondria test o Using the sediment in the remaining two test tubes, fill 3 test tubes 1/3 with sediment layer-label A,B,C Test tube A-supernatant from centrifugation 2/3 full Test tube B-sucrose buffer 2/3 full Test tube C (control tube)-sucrose buffer 2/3 full o Fill each tube 1/3 full with tetrazolium o Place test tubes in a beaker filled with water which is 37 degrees C o Place lamp over beaker to uphold temperature ...

Orginizational Development The Process of leading Organizational Essay

Orginizational Development The Process of leading Organizational Change Case Study 6 & 7 - Essay Example The new Hire will work under the Human Resource Management officer generalist. The new employee will focus on career planning, compensation, etc. each group. The client feels the change culture has been managed well at this point. The client, Susan, segregates the Human Resource employees under different functions. The functions include sales and marketing (Paula Washington), Linda Andrews (Software Engineering), and Matthew Williams (Distribution). Each group is helped by a subordinate support team. The new model serves the different internal departments running the entity’s ASP Software business. Each group will have more focus on different assigned tasks. Susan focuses on people reduction to save on salary and other related expenses (Anderson, 2011). In addition, the management team feels happy with the organizational design and culture, especially employee reduction. The company is able to save on salary expenses. The company will save on other related exp enses. Management will increase profits with the reduction. However, the employees have anxiety over the reduction. They feel they may be included among the â€Å"retrenched† employees. The fear change may disadvantage them. The job change will cause stress as the employees learn their new job responsibilities. Susan has done segregating the employees under one homogenous function to improve the quality of its services. One department is called Corporate Functions. Another department is Distribution. A third department is Sales and Marketing (Anderson, 2011). However, Susan should have done differently. Susan should have instituted a brainstorming session. The brain storming session allows all affected persons to contribute their suggestions. Everybody is free to contribute their criticisms and disappointments. An intervention strategy is highly recommended to Susan to improve the current organizational chart’s effectiveness and

Operation- Capacity Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operation- Capacity Plan - Term Paper Example Below is the demand forecast for the annual users, average monthly visitors and average daily users (Kerzner, 2009). The manager will also provide front desk and house keeping services during the day in case of peak demand. 168 hours per week. An average of 266 customers to be served per week. The above figures will an average of 2 customers per hour. The revenue per customer per hour is $ 11.51. Total revenue per hour will be $ 23.02. In sales forecasting, we utilized the product concept test. The first step was to collect information through questionnaires to travelers in the airports. We also surveyed business air travelers in order to gain knowledge on the expected sales volumes of the business. A total of 150 responses were collected. Step four: the fourth step involved determining the sales potential, which is the number of people likely to utilize the pods at the airport. Since no competitors in the market, we assumed that the market potential will remain 14,000 customers per annum. Below is a calculation of the expected amount of dollar spent by each customer per year. We assume that each customer will spend an average of three hours in the pod and will use the service five times in a

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay It was an era where so many alterations in the world Economy took place. In the closing decades of the 19th century there was a quest of seeking innovative ways to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The Scientific Management Theory initiated on the basis of that. In this period of time crafts production was substituted by large factories in which a lot of technical revolutions have been taking place. The owners and managers were not capable of coping to these challenges therefore they hunted for advanced techniques to overcome this situation. As a solution the concepts of Job Specialization and division of labour came about. In this scenario workers who specialized in their respective tasks became more skilled. The Scientific Management Theory Fredrick W. Taylor was the architecture of the concept Scientific Management, â€Å"The systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency†. It was believed that the most effective and efficient division of labour could best be determined by the concept of Scientific Management. There were four core principles in this concept. * Investigation and experimentation on organization performance * Codification of new methods/standards * Selection of employees according to codified standards * Establishing a level of performance and a pay system with rewards In 1910 most of the organizations were using this concept but selectively. Even though there was an increase in performance some disputes about this concept lead to an increase in trade union involvement. There were some major issues in this concept. * Availability of fewer jobs * Job dissatisfaction * Distrust among employees and employers. Some organizations redesigned the principles according to their vision. For example introduction of moving conveyer belts in Henry Ford’s factory can be taken in to consideration. However these approaches were not able to solve the emerged issues. Nevertheless Taylor’s work had a lasting effect on management production systems. Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth who were the successors of Taylor studied how the working environment influences the performance of the employees. They made a heavy contribution in time-and-motion study. They demonstrated that by following arrangements organizations can solve their issues effectively. * Breaking up each job action into its components. * Finding better ways to perform the action. * Reorganizing each job action to be more efficient Administrative Management Theory Researchers attempted to discover how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. Theory of Bureaucracy was developed by Max Weber as a succession of these researches. Bureaucracy is basically a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. There were several principles in this theory. Weber identified several factors there should be in a bureaucracy system. Simultaneously Henry Fayol identified 14 principles that should be vital to increasing the efficiency of the management process according to his perspective. These studies of Fayol and Weber laid the foundation of modern management theory. Behavioural Management Theory This is the study of how managers should behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to strive towards high levels of performance as an organization. In the previous theory there wasn’t a major concern about the employee viewpoint. Thus Mary Farker Follett explained why it is important to think about the human side of management. According to the studies of Follett managers should behave as coaches and facilitators –not as monitors and supervisors and the importance of direct inter communication between managers of different departments to make speedy decisions. She also promoted the concept of â€Å"cross functioning† which has been used in a great scale at present. Hawthorne effect is the discovery that a manager’s behaviour and leadership approach can affect the level of performance of employees. From this study emerged the concept of human relations movement. It is basically how the supervisors should be behaviourally trained to spice up worker’s motivation, cooperation and increase their productivity. Informal organization is one of the implications of Hawthorne effect. This is the system of behavioural rules and norms that come out in a group. The study of factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups react to in organizations has been identified as the organizational behaviour. Apart from these mentioned here the most significant approach was developed by Douglas McGregor. He supposed two different sets of assumptions which were named as Theory X and Theory Y. Management Science Theory This is a modern extension of Scientific Management Theory in this approach describes how precise quantitative techniques can be used in order to make the best use of organizational resources. Quantitative management emphasises on how arithmetic can be manipulated to achieve best practises in inventory and financial capital control. Operations management presents a set of techniques that can be utilized to improve production efficiency Total quality management focuses on the art of how the whole can be managed to achieve excellence. Management information systems provide the managers with adequate information about internal and external events of an organization to effective decision making. Organizational Environment Theory This is the set of conditions and forces that functions externally to the organization but affect a manger’s capability to acquire and utilize resources. This clearly stresses on how important it is to study the environment. The open systems theory and contingency theory developed in 1960 ascertains the importance of the importance of studying the environment. The Open –Systems View This is a system where external resources are acquired and converted into goods and services then sent back to customers for purchasing. And the cycle carries on. This system is considered as an open system. Organizations which use a closed system are likely to experience entropy, the tendency of a system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and collapse. Contigency Theory It discloses that there is no best way to organize therefore characteristics of the environment affect an organization’s ability to obtain resources. Types of structures Above describes the differences between the structures. In conclusion managers in a Mechanistic structure can obtain inputs at a lower cost preferably in a stable environment and managers in an organic environment can react more quickly in a rapidly changing environment. These contributions constructed the foundation of modern management theories. References: New Era of Management Concepts and Applications 2nd Edition Richard L. Daft, Vanderbilt University Contemporary Management fifth edition Gareth R. Jones, Texas A M University Jennifer M. George, Rice University

Caribbean Integration Essay -- essays research papers

CARIBBEAN POLITICS and SOCIETY Caribbean Integration Rationale for Integration. The Caribbean remains fragmented both economically and politically as a result of competition and conflict among the European powers. Fragmentation is in part the product of a long history as separate colonies of a metropolitan power or powers. It is also in part the psychological effects on people of separation by sea. The case for regional integration is both simple and irrefutable. First we are small and we need to achieve economies of scale. We need to achieve such economies in markets, production, the mobilisation of regional capital for regional use, university education, science and technology, sea and air transport to mention some areas. We therefore need to pool as far as is feasible our markets and our financial human and natural resources. We need a single unified and truly common market for goods and services, capital, and trained manpower. In addition we need to coordinate not only the development of our productive sectors but also our economic policies. And we need both a common external tariff and a common set of external trade, economic and other policies. Very basically put, we must come closer together because even the more economically advanced and biggest of us are mere specks of dusts in international terms. To admit that we are specks of dust does not however mean that we should sink ourselves in passive apathy in economic and international matters; rather we should get together to forma an object with more mass and more weight so that our presence could be more easily seen and more effectively used in the promotion of our own interests. We are small states by world and even Hemispheric standards, we are economically and politically weak individual units. We must avoid the temptation if at any given time our individual national economy is more prosperous than those of our other partner states, to be so arrogant as to forget that our economic situation may be suddenly reversed and that therefore we will soon need close links with our partner states in matters concerning both the intra-regional and extra-regional spheres. West Indian history abounds with instances of countries suffering sudden reversals of their economic fortunes. Advantages of Integration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a stronger voice internationally (a)  Ã‚  &nbs... ...ess and Hurdles: A European View, Kingston: Kingston Publishers. West Indian Commission (1992) An Overview of the Report of the West Indian Commission: Time for Action, Barbados: West Indian Commission. Issues to Think about: What are your reasons for Caribbean Integration. Is the integration process within CARICOM marred by cynicism, lack of political will and self-aggrandisement of the political directorate? Comment with regard to the issues confronting the realisation of the CSME. What role can the OECS play in strengthening the Caribbean Community? Can the goal of integration be realised without the building of trust? What is the role of the ACS (Association of Caribbean States). Do you think the ACS will enhance or undermine CARICOM? Questions to Consider: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What God have divided no man can put together†. Discuss in relation to Caribbean integration. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess the approaches to integration in the region and consider what have been the main failures and benefits of the movement. What else needs to be done and why? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should Commonwealth Caribbean countries politically integrate?

Joe, a Filipino Rockssical: Play Review Essay

We were assigned to watch a stage play entitled Joe, a Filipino Rockssical last July 22, 2012 at St. Scholastica’s College, Manila. Actually, I have no interest in watching stage plays but after witnessing the presentation, my point of view changed. The play was about our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, but who is Rizal? For me, Rizal in this modern period is an instrument for us to love our country more despite of the dilemmas or struggles experiencing by it. Even our country had some flaws or imperfections, even the views and beliefs of others to our country were unlovely, we should still be proud and fight for it like what Rizal who’s brave as a lion did. He was also an inspiration to all youths because of his distinct attributes and his perseverance when it comes to studies. The stage play, Joe, a Filipino Rockssical is a kind of presentation wherein it was accompanied by songs and dances which is for me, an effective strategy because it can avoid boredom among the viewers. It has three chapters and used Filipino language for us to understand the play. It also used a little English and Espaà ±ol. This play was not a drama at all, it was also blended with comedy that can crack someone up and will make your jaws fall from laughter. But the most important thing is that it has a moral lesson that the viewers will realize after watching. The stage play was started through a lively song and dance. Six students of Rizal Integrated School were assigned to research and perform a stage play about our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, for the celebration of the 50th Foundation Day of the school. Joecas that symbolizes a man who values his craft more than anyone or anything else, is the writer and director, Joanne that symbolizes the character of having a principle and always with the truth, is the researcher, Hunter that symbolizes a character of having a principle and belief but can sacrifice it for the love of his life, is the composer of music, Bimbo that symbolizes a character that is persistent and diligent in reaching his dreams, is the choreographer, Ambo that symbolizes the character that is gleeful despite of his struggles especially when it comes to love, is the set designer, and Julia that symbolizes a character that has determination in reaching her dreams, is the fashion designer. They finished the play successfu lly although they have a little background or idea about the national hero. Ten years after, Joecas became a prominent writer. He was commissioned by the government to make and direct a stage play about the life of Rizal to be presented as a tribute for his 150th Anniversary of being a hero. Joecas together with his wife Joanne searched for his friends way back in high school to help him in the making of a stage play entitled Joe, the name that Josephine used to call Jose Rizal. Joanne became a successful researcher, Hunter became a rebel who climbed up in the mountains of Banawe, Bimbo became a DJ, Julia became a famous fashion designer, and Ambo owned a parlor. They have decided to stay at the condo of Joecas while finishing the play. During the researching and writing of the play, they learned many things about Rizal’s life. All the significant parts of the history about his live were presented. Some of these were about his love life including Josephine Bracken and Leonora, the writing of the novels that woke the consciousness of the Filipinos, the studying of Rizal abroad and here in Philippines, the exile of Rizal to Dapitan, the retraction of his ideologies to embrace again the Catholicism and to marry Josephine, and the shooting of him at Bagumbayan. The six main characters in the play also faced the different issues in their lives which are similar and compared to the life of Rizal. These consisted of the love of Joecas for Joanne and not sacrificing his love for art which is his true love, the love of Hunter for Joanne and the sacrifice of his ideologies, facing the true sexual preference of Ambo, consciousness of Bimbo about the problems of society, and Julia’s will of studying again. The conflict which is about the retraction was ended through a song and dance wherein the viewers were given the chance to decide whether Rizal signed the retraction or not. At the same time, they presented that even though Rizal signed it or not, what is important is that he had a stand about the ideologies and principles he’s fighting for and he kicked the bucket for the country. After all what happened, years passed, Joecas was given an award and honor for the stage play entitled Joe and he met his friends again during the event. The stage play was ended through a beautiful and magnificent music. In this play, many social illnesses are mentioned and shown and some of these are still occurring nowadays. In the dialogue stated by Ambo, â€Å"Palibhasa kabit ang nanay mo!†, is one of the social illnesses. It symbolizes a character of being a gossiper or spreading a speculation about a certain thing or person. It can cause a dispute or quarrel between the involved people. It can also cause disharmony or disunity. â€Å"I’m so fed up with the so called professionals, sobra na nga maningil wala pang work ethics. At sa sobrang dami ng raket, hindi marunong magcommit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This was said by Joecas. It is one of the social illneses nowadays. Many people have too much confidence or belief in them, the belief that they are superb in terms of doing their work. Not only that, they are also asking for too much payment that is not appropriate, that’s why Philippines is not progressing. â€Å"Isipin na ang mabuting ina ay iba sa inang linalang ng prayle. Dapat palakihin ang anak na malapit baga sa larawan ng tunay na Diyos. Diyos na di nasusuhulan, Diyos na di masakim sa salapi, Diyos na ama ng lahat, na walang kinikilingan, Diyos na hindi tumataba sa dugo ng mahihirap, na hindi nagsasaya sa daing ng naruruhagi at nangbubulag ng matalinong isip.† These are the words mentioned at the back or the window of condo while Hunter and Joanne were fighting. The characteristics of God mentioned was contradictory to our government wherein it can be defined as another social illness. The scene where Ambo said that, â€Å"Hindi naman nasusukat sa sexual preference ang pagkatao at karakter. What is important is the heart and soul.† Judging a person is also one of the social illnesses acted in the play. The reason why most of the people do not believe in their talent is because they were primed by their anxiousness or shyness. The ability of a person is not measured by either physical appearance or sexual preference. In the scene where George Tauffer raped Josephine Bracken can be included as one of the social illnesses nowadays. Rape and other crimes are very rampant during these days. Sometimes, even their own fathers or stepfathers were the ones involved in this kind of situation. There are many barbarians in our country nowadays due to the lack of education or else because of drug addiction. The social illness like spreading information that is not proven or seen is very widespread nowadays. One example of this is occurring in the world of showbiz or show business. Many rumors are spreading in this industry that’s why it’s complicated. Those professionals that were taking too much charges or fees are also rampant nowadays that’s why the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. Similar to our government officials who live high on the hog, they were corrupting the taxes and other cash received from citizens for their personal use instead of giving it back in the form of basic services like education, health cares, and others. Criminals were also very rampant now and then but because police authorities like the friars before accept bribes, those culprits were not afraid to do crimes. These are some social illnesses mentioned in the play and at the same time I witnessed while watching. This stage play is not presented just to entertain but also to educate the audience. For me, having a stand in everything we do and say is the moral lesson that I have realized after watching. If we said and did something, continue it until the end as long as we know that we’re on the side of truth, although it can hurt those people that we loved the most. Another lesson derived from this play is the true love for the country. If our heroes can defend our country from opportunists and at the same time proud of it, we, the citizens of the Philippines, that have the capability to change the undesirable system of our government, can also do what they have done. It is the time for us to move and act especially the young generation that according to Dr. Jose Rizal is the hope of the nation.